3/10/2023 0 Comments Miana kassisThe activation of the HLA Class II leads to a rejection of transplanted cells or organs. In addition to this, the absence of HLA class II protein is a key factor, because MSCs could be used for allogeneic graft on patients, facilitating the use of MSCs in cell therapies. (b) MSCs have anti-inflammatory potential and immune-modulatory properties, and promote cell growth and tissue repair, through the secretion of cytokines and extracellular vesicles. published a list of the minimal criteria defining the MSC: MSC must express CD73, CD90, and CD105, and must lack the expression of CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR in addition, MSCs must differentiate into cells originated from the three embryonic stem cell germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm ) such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, as the most used. Even with a self-renewal capacity, the aging of the MSC could be a major problem with an increase of mutation and loss of differentiation capacity. (a) They can differentiate into different types of cells (before or after transplantation), and the self-renewal property of the MSC is very important, but it is a critical characteristic that must be understood. MSCs curative properties and advantages can be divided in three different parts: However, there is always a risk that MSCs could transform into sarcoma, requiring a long-term follow-up on preclinical animal studies and clinical trials, up to 15 years based on the Food and Drug Administration guidelines (FDA). They can be cultured easily, and their stemness is characterized by the capacity of the MSC to self-renew and maintain the stemness properties, being passaged many times without karyotype alteration. They adhere quickly to the cell culture surface, and their morphology is fibroblastic. In the organism, the function of the MSC is to support the structure of the organs but also to generate cells of the specific organ when it is required. MSCs are pluripotent stem cells that were discovered around 30 years ago, and they can be isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, Wharton’s jelly, periosteum, villous chorion, fetus, and dental pulp, and there are no ethical issues. MSCs are very popular cells used in the research and over sixty-eight thousand publications involving the use of MSCs were published on PubMed, as of January 2021. This review is not focused on presenting the different types of stem cells used for cell and gene therapies, but it is focused on the MSCs and cell sheet engineering with MSCs. The European Medical Agency approved cell therapies in the past few years: Chondrocelect was the first approved cell therapy in 2009. The iPSCs can be engineered by the transfection of four different factors into somatic cells, but as for the ESCs, the iPSCs have also raised ethical issues, and clinical trials are conducted all over the world, but mainly in the USA, China, Japan, and France. Ethical debates about the use of ESCs make their use more difficult for human application, even if clinical trials have been conducted recently with ESCs. In this review, recent progresses in ectomycorrhizal biology are presented, especially the potential role of ECM symbioses in resistance or tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, and in maintinance of plant diversity for proper ecosystem functioning.Different types of stem cells are used for research and for translational medicine: embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Over the years the main focus in ECM research has been on the study of diversity and specificity of ECM strains, the role of ECM in regeneration of degraded ecosystem, the growth and establishment of seedlings through nutrient acquisition and the mediation of plant responses to various types of stress. More recent researches have placed emphasis on a wider, multifunctional perspective, including the effects of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on plant and microbial communities, and on ecosystem processes. The biogeographic pattern and detailed functioning and regulation of these mycorrhizosphere processes are still poorly understood and require detailed study. Because ECM fungi are obligate root symbionts, host plant can have a strong effect on ECM species richness and community composition. These below-ground fungi play a key role in terrestrial ecosystems as they regulate plant diversity, nutrient and carbon cycles, and influence soil structure and ecosystem multifunctionality. There are reports of about 20,000 to 25,000 ECM fungi that promote plant growth by facilitating enhanced water and nutrient absorption, and provide tolerance to environmental stresses. Abstract : Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are obligate symbionts of dominant vascular plants, liverworts and hornworts.
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